Compliance & regulations

Federal Acquisition Regulation

The Federal Acquisition Regulation is the principal set of rules governing how executive branch agencies acquire goods and services with appropriated funds. Published in Title 48 of the Code of Federal Regulations, it establishes uniform policies and procedures for the entire acquisition process, from requirements development through contract closeout. The FAR addresses competition requirements, contract types, source selection methods, small business programs, cost principles, and contract administration. Individual agencies may supplement the FAR with agency-specific regulations (such as the DFARS for DoD), but cannot contradict FAR requirements. Understanding FAR principles is fundamental to government contracting compliance and successful proposal development.

Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement

The Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement is the Department of Defense implementation and supplement to the FAR, containing acquisition regulations specific to defense contracts. DFARS addresses unique DoD requirements including cybersecurity (CMMC), foreign ownership restrictions, cost accounting standards applicability, and specialty metals and domestic source restrictions. Contractors pursuing DoD work must comply with both FAR and DFARS requirements. Key DFARS provisions include the 252.204-7012 clause requiring safeguarding of Covered Defense Information, limitations on subcontracting with foreign entities, and specific requirements for technical data rights. DFARS compliance is essential for any company targeting defense contracts.

System for Award Management

The System for Award Management is the official government website where entities must register to do business with the federal government. SAM.gov registration is required before a company can receive a federal contract, grant, or cooperative agreement, and must be renewed annually to maintain active status. SAM combines several former federal procurement systems (CCR, ORCA, EPLS) into a single platform. Registration captures entity information including DUNS/UEI number, CAGE code, NAICS codes, bank account for electronic payments, and representations and certifications. SAM also hosts the Exclusions database (formerly EPLS), contract opportunity postings, wage determinations, and entity validation services.

Unique Entity Identifier

The Unique Entity Identifier is a 12-character alphanumeric code that uniquely identifies entities doing business with the federal government. As of April 2022, UEI replaced the DUNS number as the primary identifier in SAM.gov and federal procurement systems. The UEI is generated by SAM.gov during entity registration or renewal and is assigned at no cost to the registrant. Unlike the DUNS, which was managed by Dun & Bradstreet, UEI is fully controlled by the federal government. Contractors must reference their UEI on proposals, contracts, and invoices. Parent-child relationships between business entities are also tracked through UEI in the entity hierarchy.

Commercial and Government Entity Code

A Commercial and Government Entity Code is a five-character identifier assigned to entities that conduct business with the federal government. CAGE codes are used extensively in defense logistics, contract administration, and payment systems to uniquely identify contractors, manufacturers, and government entities. CAGE codes are assigned automatically through SAM.gov registration for domestic entities. International entities receive NCAGE codes through their country's national codification bureau. The code appears on contracts, invoices, and logistics documentation. Maintaining accurate CAGE code information ensures proper payment routing and supply chain traceability.

Defense Contract Audit Agency

The Defense Contract Audit Agency is the DoD agency responsible for auditing defense contractors' costs, pricing proposals, and accounting systems. DCAA performs pre-award audits of proposed costs, post-award audits of incurred costs, and evaluations of contractor business systems. DCAA audits examine whether contractor accounting systems comply with Cost Accounting Standards and FAR cost principles. An adequate accounting system determination from DCAA is often required before receiving cost-reimbursement contracts. DCAA findings can result in cost disallowances, system deficiency findings, and recommendations to contracting officers affecting contract administration.

Organizational Conflict of Interest

An Organizational Conflict of Interest exists when a contractor's relationships, interests, or activities may impair objectivity in performing contract work or create unfair competitive advantage. OCIs can arise from unequal access to information, biased ground rules, or impaired objectivity. Contracting officers must identify and mitigate potential OCIs during acquisition planning and source selection. Contractors must disclose potential conflicts and may be required to implement mitigation plans. Unresolved OCIs can result in proposal rejection, contract termination, or debarment. Sophisticated contractors proactively manage potential conflicts through firewalls and recusal procedures.

Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification

The Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification is a DoD framework for assessing and certifying contractor cybersecurity practices. CMMC requires third-party assessment of contractor security controls before they can bid on contracts involving Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI). CMMC has multiple levels with increasing security requirements. Contractors must achieve certification at the level required for specific contracts. The program is being phased in through contract clauses and will eventually apply broadly to the Defense Industrial Base. Achieving CMMC certification requires documented policies, implemented controls, and passing third-party assessment.

Controlled Unclassified Information

Controlled Unclassified Information is government-created or owned information that requires safeguarding but does not meet the criteria for classification. CUI includes sensitive information like export-controlled data, privacy information, and proprietary business information requiring protection. Contractors handling CUI must implement security controls specified in NIST SP 800-171 and comply with DFARS clause 252.204-7012. This includes cybersecurity incident reporting, flow-down requirements to subcontractors, and documentation of system security. CUI protection requirements significantly impact IT infrastructure and security investments for defense contractors.

National Institute of Standards and Technology

The National Institute of Standards and Technology is a federal agency that develops technology standards and guidelines, including cybersecurity frameworks used in federal contracting. NIST publications like SP 800-171 define security requirements for protecting CUI on contractor systems. NIST frameworks provide the technical foundation for compliance requirements in federal contracts. The NIST Cybersecurity Framework and Risk Management Framework are widely adopted across government and industry. Contractors must understand applicable NIST requirements and implement compliant security controls to qualify for contracts with information security requirements.

Agency Financial Report

An Agency Financial Report is an annual report that provides financial and performance information about a federal agency. The AFR includes audited financial statements, performance results, and management's discussion and analysis of the agency's financial condition and program results.

Contractor Business Information

Contractor Business Information refers to proprietary or sensitive business data submitted by contractors to the government, including financial records, cost data, trade secrets, and technical information. CBI requires protection from unauthorized disclosure under various statutes and regulations.

Central Contractor Registration

Central Contractor Registration was the primary database for vendor registration with the federal government before being consolidated into SAM.gov. CCR collected contractor information including banking details for payment, NAICS codes, and business size data. Legacy references to CCR now apply to SAM.gov registration.

Code of Federal Regulations

The Code of Federal Regulations is the codification of general and permanent rules published by federal agencies in the Federal Register. Title 48 of the CFR contains the Federal Acquisition Regulation and agency supplements that govern federal contracting procedures and requirements.

Competition in Contracting Act

The Competition in Contracting Act is landmark legislation requiring federal agencies to obtain full and open competition in procurement unless specific exceptions apply. CICA established requirements for publicizing opportunities, justifying limited competition, and providing protest rights to disappointed bidders.

Contractor Manpower Reporting

Contractor Manpower Reporting is a DoD requirement for contractors to report labor hours expended on service contracts. CMR data helps the government track contractor workforce size, analyze total force composition, and make informed decisions about insourcing versus outsourcing.

Conflict of Interest

A Conflict of Interest exists when a contractor's financial interests, relationships, or activities could impair objective performance or create unfair competitive advantage. Both personal and organizational conflicts must be identified, disclosed, and mitigated or avoided to maintain procurement integrity.

Executive Order

An Executive Order is a directive issued by the President that manages operations of the federal government. EOs can significantly impact federal contracting by establishing policies on wages, labor standards, environmental requirements, cybersecurity, and other contractor obligations.

Federal Information Processing Standards

Federal Information Processing Standards are standards developed by NIST for federal computer systems in areas including encryption, security, and data formats. FIPS compliance is often required in government contracts involving information technology and data protection.

Federal Information Security Management Act

The Federal Information Security Management Act requires federal agencies to develop, document, and implement information security programs. FISMA compliance requirements flow down to contractors handling federal information, requiring security controls, assessments, and continuous monitoring.

Freedom of Information Act

The Freedom of Information Act provides public access to federal agency records upon request, with certain exemptions for sensitive information. Contractors should mark proprietary information appropriately, as contract documents may be released under FOIA unless properly protected.

HHS Acquisition Regulation

The HHS Acquisition Regulation is the Department of Health and Human Services supplement to the Federal Acquisition Regulation. HHSAR contains agency-specific acquisition policies and procedures applicable to HHS contracts, including requirements unique to health and human services programs.

Inspector General

The Inspector General is an independent official responsible for auditing and investigating agency programs and operations. IG offices examine contractor performance, identify fraud and waste, and make recommendations for improving efficiency. IG reports can significantly impact contractors and contracts.

Online Representations and Certifications Application

The Online Representations and Certifications Application was a system where contractors submitted required representations and certifications electronically. ORCA functionality has been integrated into SAM.gov, where contractors now complete reps and certs as part of entity registration.

Procurement Management Review

A Procurement Management Review is an evaluation of an organization's procurement operations to assess compliance with regulations and effectiveness of processes. PMRs identify best practices and areas for improvement in acquisition management and internal controls.

Plan of Action and Milestones

A Plan of Action and Milestones is a corrective action document identifying tasks, resources, and timelines for addressing identified weaknesses or deficiencies. POAMs are commonly used in security assessments to track remediation of vulnerabilities in information systems.

Prompt Payment Act

The Prompt Payment Act requires federal agencies to pay contractors within specified timeframes and pay interest penalties when payments are late. The Act establishes payment due dates, interest calculation methods, and procedures for resolving payment disputes.

Paperwork Reduction Act

The Paperwork Reduction Act requires agencies to minimize paperwork burden on the public and obtain OMB approval for information collection requests. PRA affects contractor reporting requirements and survey instruments, requiring burden estimates and approval numbers.

Service Contract Act

The Service Contract Act requires contractors performing services on federal contracts to pay prevailing wages and fringe benefits as determined by the Department of Labor. SCA wage determinations must be incorporated into service contracts exceeding $2,500.

Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Accessibility

Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Accessibility refers to federal initiatives and requirements promoting diverse workforce participation and equitable access in federal contracting. DEIA goals influence agency acquisition strategies and contractor workforce development expectations.

Federal Register

The Federal Register is the daily publication of the federal government containing proposed and final rules, executive orders, and other official documents. The FR publishes proposed acquisition regulations for public comment and final rules implementing regulatory changes.

Government Accountability Office

The Government Accountability Office is an independent agency that audits federal programs, investigates allegations of improper activities, and decides bid protests. GAO protest decisions interpret procurement law and significantly influence contracting practices across government.

GSA Acquisition Manual

The GSA Acquisition Manual contains internal GSA acquisition policies and procedures that implement and supplement the FAR and GSAR. The GSAM provides detailed guidance for GSA contracting officers on agency-specific acquisition practices.

GSA Acquisition Regulation

The GSA Acquisition Regulation is the General Services Administration's supplement to the Federal Acquisition Regulation. GSAR contains agency-specific policies and clauses applicable to GSA contracts, including Federal Supply Schedule requirements.

National Defense Authorization Act

The National Defense Authorization Act is annual legislation authorizing DoD programs, personnel levels, and policies. NDAAs often include acquisition reform provisions, small business requirements, and cybersecurity mandates that significantly impact defense contracting.

Office of Inspector General

The Office of Inspector General is the independent oversight office within each major agency responsible for audits, investigations, and inspections. OIG reports identify fraud, waste, and abuse affecting contracts and can lead to contractor sanctions or recovery of funds.

Office of Personnel Management

The Office of Personnel Management is the federal agency managing the government's civilian workforce. OPM policies affect contractor personnel requirements, security clearance processing, and position classification that may apply to contractor-performed work.

Operations Security

Operations Security is a process for protecting sensitive unclassified information that could be exploited by adversaries. OPSEC requirements may flow down to contractors through contract clauses requiring protection of critical program information and operational details.

Public Key Infrastructure

Public Key Infrastructure is a system of digital certificates, certificate authorities, and registration processes that enable secure electronic transactions. PKI credentials are often required for accessing government systems and electronically signing contract documents.

Public Law

Public Law refers to enacted federal legislation, cited by congress number and sequence. Public laws establish statutory requirements affecting procurement, such as competition requirements, labor standards, and small business programs that are implemented through regulations.

Service Contract Labor Standards

Service Contract Labor Standards, established by the Service Contract Act, require payment of prevailing wages and fringe benefits to service employees on covered federal contracts. SCLS wage determinations must be incorporated into applicable service contracts.

Specially Designated Nationals

Specially Designated Nationals are individuals and entities identified by the Treasury Department as blocked from doing business with U.S. persons. Contractors must screen against the SDN list to ensure they do not engage prohibited parties in contract performance.

Zero-Waste Acquisition Contract

A Zero-Waste Acquisition Contract incorporates sustainability requirements aimed at minimizing waste generation throughout the product lifecycle. ZWAC provisions support federal sustainability goals by requiring waste reduction, recycling, and environmentally preferable practices.

Federal Managers Financial Integrity Act

The Federal Managers Financial Integrity Act requires agency heads to establish internal controls and report annually on their adequacy. FMFIA compliance affects contractor accounting system requirements and internal control expectations for cost-reimbursement contracts.

Procurement Data Standard

A Procurement Data Standard defines the format and content requirements for procurement data elements. PDS ensures consistency in data collection, reporting, and exchange across procurement systems and agencies.

Procurement Guidance Letter

A Procurement Guidance Letter provides policy guidance and instructions to contracting personnel on specific acquisition topics. PGLs supplement regulations with practical implementation direction and clarification of agency procedures.

Security Authorization Agreement

A Security Authorization Agreement documents the security requirements and authorization for contractor access to classified or sensitive information and facilities. SAAs establish responsibilities for protecting government information in contractor custody.

Web Services Description Language

Web Services Description Language is an XML-based language for describing web services interfaces. WSDL specifications define how government systems and contractor systems communicate electronically for data exchange and integration.

Data Call Instruction

A Data Call Instruction directs organizations to submit specific information by a certain deadline. DCIs are used to collect program data, cost information, or status reports needed for budget submissions, audits, or management reviews.

Department of Defense Instruction

A Department of Defense Instruction is a policy document establishing requirements for DoD components. DODIs implement DoD directives and provide detailed guidance on defense acquisition, management, and operations.

Department of Labor

The Department of Labor administers federal labor laws including those affecting government contractors. DOL issues wage determinations for Service Contract Act and Davis-Bacon Act covered contracts and enforces contractor labor compliance.

Defense Priorities and Allocations System

The Defense Priorities and Allocations System is a program ensuring timely availability of industrial resources for national defense. DPAS priority ratings on contracts require contractors to give preferential treatment to rated orders.

Internal Control System

An Internal Control System is the framework of policies and procedures ensuring reliable operations, compliance, and accurate reporting. Contractor ICS requirements under cost-reimbursement contracts help protect government interests and ensure proper cost accounting.

Interim Final Rule

An Interim Final Rule is a regulatory change that takes effect immediately while public comments are solicited. IFRs are used when agencies determine good cause exists to bypass the normal notice-and-comment rulemaking process.

Local Area Network

A Local Area Network is a computer network connecting devices within a limited geographic area. LAN requirements in contracts address network infrastructure, security, and connectivity for contractor-provided or contractor-supported IT systems.

United States Code

The United States Code is the codification of general and permanent federal statutes organized by subject. Acquisition-related laws are found in various USC titles, with Title 41 covering public contracts and Title 10 addressing defense procurement.

Virtual Private Network

A Virtual Private Network provides encrypted communications over public networks for secure remote access. VPN requirements in contracts address security standards for contractor remote access to government systems and data.

Department of Defense Index of Specifications and Standards

The Department of Defense Index of Specifications and Standards is the official repository of military and federal specifications, standards, and handbooks. DoDISS provides access to technical requirements documents referenced in defense contracts.

Agency Report

An Agency Report is the formal written response submitted by a contracting agency to the Government Accountability Office in response to a bid protest. The AR must be filed within a specified timeframe and contains the contracting officer's statement, relevant documents, and the agency's legal arguments defending the procurement action. The Agency Report includes the solicitation, proposals or quotations (with protected information redacted as appropriate), evaluation documents, source selection decision, and any other materials relevant to the protest issues. Protesters receive the AR and may file comments responding to the agency's arguments. The quality and completeness of the AR often significantly impacts protest outcomes.

Bona Fide Needs Rule

The Bona Fide Needs Rule is a fundamental fiscal law principle requiring that appropriated funds may only be obligated to meet a legitimate need arising during the period of availability of those funds. The rule ensures agencies use current-year funds for current-year requirements and do not obligate funds for needs that will arise in future fiscal years. Understanding bona fide needs is critical for contract timing and period of performance. Severable services may be funded with current-year funds if they benefit the current period, while non-severable services must be funded entirely with funds available when the contract is awarded. Violations can result in Antideficiency Act issues and require corrective reporting.

Common Access Card

The Common Access Card is the standard identification card issued to DoD military personnel, civilian employees, and eligible contractors. The CAC serves as the principal card for physical access to installations and buildings, and provides PKI certificates for computer network access and digital signatures. Contractors working on DoD contracts requiring facility or system access must obtain CACs through the RAPIDS system. CAC issuance requires favorable background investigation, sponsorship by a government official, and enrollment in the Defense Enrollment Eligibility Reporting System. CAC requirements significantly impact contractor onboarding timelines and should be factored into transition planning.

Contract Action Report

A Contract Action Report is the data record submitted to the Federal Procurement Data System documenting individual contract actions including awards, modifications, and task orders. CARs capture standardized information about the procurement including dollar values, contractor identification, competition status, and socioeconomic data. CAR data feeds government-wide procurement statistics, small business goal tracking, and transparency reporting through USASpending.gov. Contracting officers are responsible for accurate and timely CAR submission. Contractors should verify their contract actions appear correctly in FPDS as the data affects their visible past performance record and market research visibility.

Drug Enforcement Administration

The Drug Enforcement Administration is a federal law enforcement agency within the Department of Justice responsible for enforcing controlled substances laws and regulations. DEA contracts support missions including drug interdiction, laboratory analysis, intelligence operations, and administrative functions. Contractors working with DEA often require security clearances and must comply with stringent background investigation requirements. DEA procurements span IT services, laboratory equipment and supplies, aviation support, training services, and facility operations. The agency follows DOJ acquisition regulations in addition to the FAR and maintains specialized requirements for handling sensitive law enforcement information.

Department of Health and Human Services

The Department of Health and Human Services (also abbreviated HHS) is the principal federal agency responsible for protecting the health of Americans and providing essential human services. DHHS encompasses major operating divisions including CDC, FDA, NIH, CMS, and numerous other agencies with significant contracting activity. DHHS is one of the largest civilian contracting agencies, procuring IT systems, research services, healthcare delivery support, administrative services, and public health program support. The department follows HHSAR (HHS Acquisition Regulation) supplementing the FAR. Contractors should understand the diverse missions across DHHS components, as requirements and procurement approaches vary significantly between operating divisions.

Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool

The Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool is a global registry and rating system that helps purchasers identify environmentally preferable electronic products. EPEAT evaluates products against environmental criteria including materials selection, design for end of life, energy conservation, and corporate performance. Federal agencies are required to procure EPEAT-registered products for computers, monitors, and other covered electronics when available. Solicitations for IT equipment often specify EPEAT registration requirements, and products receive Bronze, Silver, or Gold ratings based on criteria met. Manufacturers seeking federal IT contracts should ensure their products achieve appropriate EPEAT registration levels.

Electronic Records Archive

The Electronic Records Archive is the National Archives and Records Administration system for preserving and providing access to permanent electronic federal records. ERA enables federal agencies to transfer, store, and manage electronic records scheduled for permanent retention or eventual transfer to NARA. Contractors supporting federal records management must understand ERA requirements for electronic records preservation. Contract deliverables may need to comply with NARA-approved file formats and metadata standards for eventual archival. Records management contracts often include requirements for ERA compatibility and support for agency records transfer processes.

Justification Review Document

A Justification Review Document is an internal government record documenting the review and approval of acquisition justifications such as J&As for other than full and open competition, sole source determinations, or brand name justifications. JRDs capture the analysis and approval chain for procurement decisions requiring special authorization. JRDs ensure appropriate oversight of non-competitive or limited competition procurements. They typically include the justification narrative, market research findings, legal review, and approval signatures at required authority levels. Contractors may encounter JRD references when protesting procurement decisions or requesting debriefings on competition restrictions.

Risk-Based Threshold

A Risk-Based Threshold is a predetermined criterion that triggers specific actions, reviews, or approvals based on assessed risk levels. RBTs establish boundaries that determine when enhanced oversight, additional documentation, or higher-level approval is required for contract actions. Agencies use RBTs to focus management attention and resources on higher-risk procurements while streamlining lower-risk activities. Thresholds may be based on dollar value, contract type, performance history, or other risk factors. Understanding applicable RBTs helps contractors anticipate the level of scrutiny their proposals and contract performance will receive.

Special Operations Judge Advocate

The Special Operations Judge Advocate provides legal counsel and support to U.S. Special Operations Command on acquisition matters, contract disputes, protests, and regulatory compliance. SOJA attorneys review acquisition strategies, contract terms, and procurement decisions to ensure legal sufficiency. SOJA involvement is particularly important for SOCOM's unique acquisition authorities and rapid procurement processes. Legal review ensures that streamlined procedures still comply with applicable laws and regulations. Contractors involved in SOCOM protests or disputes will interact with SOJA through the legal processes governing their contract matters.

Trade Agreements Act

The Trade Agreements Act establishes rules for federal procurement of foreign-made products, implementing U.S. obligations under various international trade agreements. TAA requires that products offered to the government be manufactured or substantially transformed in the United States or designated countries. TAA compliance is required for most GSA Schedule contracts and other acquisitions above certain thresholds. Non-compliant products cannot be sold to the government under covered procurements. Contractors must verify country of origin and substantial transformation for products they offer, maintaining documentation to support TAA compliance certifications.

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services is the federal agency within the Department of Homeland Security responsible for administering immigration and naturalization services. USCIS contracts support immigration processing, background investigations, IT systems, and administrative operations. USCIS procurements span case management systems, biometric services, customer service support, and facilities operations. Contractors must often comply with heightened security requirements given the sensitive nature of immigration data. Understanding USCIS mission priorities and processing challenges helps contractors develop relevant solutions for this significant contracting customer.

U.S. Geological Survey

The U.S. Geological Survey is a scientific agency within the Department of the Interior that studies natural resources, natural hazards, and the environment. USGS contracts support research, data collection, mapping, laboratory analysis, and scientific equipment. USGS procurements include IT systems for data management, scientific instrumentation, field services, and research support. The agency emphasizes scientific integrity and technical expertise in its acquisitions. Contractors with earth science, environmental, or geospatial capabilities find opportunities supporting USGS missions in water resources, geology, biology, and geography.

United States Navy

The United States Navy is the maritime service branch of the U.S. Armed Forces responsible for naval operations, sea control, and power projection. USN contracts support shipbuilding, aircraft, weapons systems, maintenance, logistics, and professional services across a vast acquisition enterprise. Navy acquisitions are governed by DFARS and Navy-specific acquisition regulations. Major Navy buying commands include Naval Sea Systems Command, Naval Air Systems Command, and Naval Information Warfare Systems Command. Understanding Navy organizational structures, acquisition processes, and mission priorities helps contractors navigate one of the largest defense contracting customers.

Acquisition Oversight System

An Acquisition Oversight System is an automated tool or framework used by government agencies to monitor, track, and report on acquisition activities and compliance. ACQOS platforms aggregate data from procurement systems to provide management visibility into acquisition performance, policy compliance, and workforce metrics. ACQOS reporting supports agency leadership in identifying trends, issues, and improvement opportunities across the acquisition enterprise. Understanding that oversight systems monitor procurement activities helps contractors appreciate the compliance and documentation expectations that contracting officers must meet.

Army Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement

The Army Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement contains acquisition regulations specific to U.S. Army contracts, implementing and supplementing FAR and DFARS requirements. AFARS addresses Army-unique procedures, approval authorities, and policy guidance for Army contracting activities. Contractors pursuing Army opportunities must comply with AFARS requirements in addition to FAR and DFARS. AFARS provisions address areas such as contract documentation, approval thresholds, and Army-specific clauses. Understanding the regulatory hierarchy (FAR, DFARS, AFARS) helps contractors navigate Army procurement requirements and ensure proposal compliance.

Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals

The Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals is an independent tribunal that hears and decides contract disputes between government contractors and the Department of Defense, NASA, and other designated agencies. ASBCA provides an administrative forum for resolving contract disputes as an alternative to the Court of Federal Claims. ASBCA proceedings follow established rules of procedure and allow contractors to appeal Contracting Officer final decisions. Understanding ASBCA processes helps contractors protect their rights in contract disputes and make informed decisions about dispute resolution forums. ASBCA decisions establish precedents affecting contract interpretation and administration.

Armed Services Procurement Regulation

The Armed Services Procurement Regulation was the predecessor to the Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement that governed DoD procurement before FAR implementation in 1984. ASPR references may still appear in older contracts, legal precedents, and historical documentation. Understanding ASPR's historical role helps contractors interpret legacy contract language and case law that predates FAR. While ASPR is no longer in effect, its principles influenced FAR and DFARS development. Contract disputes involving pre-1984 contracts may reference ASPR provisions.

Authority to Operate

An Authority to Operate is the formal authorization granted to an information system to process, store, or transmit government data based on successful completion of security assessment and authorization processes. ATO certification confirms that security controls meet applicable requirements and residual risks are acceptable. Contractors operating systems that process government data must obtain and maintain ATOs through compliance with frameworks such as FISMA, FedRAMP, or RMF. ATO requirements significantly impact IT contract timelines and costs. Understanding ATO processes, including security documentation, testing, and continuous monitoring requirements, is essential for government IT contractors.

Certification and Accreditation

Certification and Accreditation is the process of evaluating, testing, and authorizing information systems to operate based on assessment against security requirements. C&A ensures systems meet applicable security standards before processing government data. C&A has largely been replaced by the Risk Management Framework terminology, but the concept remains central to government IT security. Contractors must navigate C&A or RMF processes to obtain Authority to Operate for systems supporting government missions. Understanding security authorization requirements is essential for government IT contractors.

Commercial and Government Entity Code Change

A Commercial and Government Entity Code Change is a modification to a company's CAGE code information in the government's entity database, typically resulting from company name changes, mergers, acquisitions, or address updates. CAGEC processing ensures accurate contractor identification in government systems. Contractors must maintain current CAGE code information to ensure proper contract identification, payment processing, and past performance attribution. CAGEC requests are processed through the Defense Logistics Agency. Timely CAGE code updates prevent administrative issues and ensure continuity of business relationships.

Civilian Board of Contract Appeals

The Civilian Board of Contract Appeals is an independent tribunal that decides contract disputes between government contractors and civilian executive agencies. CBCA provides an administrative forum for resolving contract disputes as an alternative to the Court of Federal Claims. CBCA handles disputes from agencies including GSA, VA, DHS, and other civilian departments. Understanding CBCA jurisdiction and procedures helps contractors protect their rights in contract disputes and select appropriate forums. CBCA decisions establish precedents affecting contract interpretation across civilian agencies.

Customs and Border Protection

Customs and Border Protection is the federal agency within the Department of Homeland Security responsible for border security, immigration enforcement, and customs operations. CBP contracts support technology systems, infrastructure, professional services, and equipment for border security missions. CBP is a significant contracting customer with diverse requirements including surveillance technology, detection equipment, IT systems, and support services. Understanding CBP mission priorities and acquisition approaches helps contractors pursue border security market opportunities. CBP contracts often involve security requirements and specialized technical capabilities.

Congressional Contract Action Report

A Congressional Contract Action Report is a report provided to Congress documenting significant contract actions, typically those exceeding specified dollar thresholds or involving matters of congressional interest. CCARs ensure legislative oversight of major procurement activities. CCAR requirements affect timing and documentation for large contract awards. Understanding congressional reporting requirements helps contractors appreciate the additional scrutiny and potential delays associated with high-value or sensitive procurements. CCARs demonstrate accountability for significant expenditures of appropriated funds.

Controlled Cryptographic Item

A Controlled Cryptographic Item is a secure telecommunications or information handling equipment that contains embedded cryptographic components and requires special handling, storage, and accountability procedures. CCI is subject to strict security controls throughout its lifecycle. Contractors handling CCI must comply with National Security Agency requirements for storage, transportation, maintenance, and destruction. CCI accountability requirements significantly affect contract performance, requiring cleared personnel, approved facilities, and rigorous tracking procedures. Understanding CCI requirements is essential for contractors in communications security markets.

Contract Disputes Act

The Contract Disputes Act is the federal statute that establishes procedures for resolving disputes arising under or relating to government contracts. CDA provides the legal framework for claims, appeals, and judicial review of contract disputes. CDA procedures require contractors to submit certified claims to the Contracting Officer, who issues a final decision that can be appealed to a Board of Contract Appeals or the Court of Federal Claims. Understanding CDA requirements, timelines, and certification obligations is essential for contractors pursuing dispute resolution.

Classified Delivery System

A Classified Delivery System refers to secure methods and infrastructure for transporting classified materials, documents, or equipment. CDS requirements ensure classified items remain protected throughout transit using approved carriers, packaging, and procedures. Contractors handling classified contracts must comply with CDS requirements when shipping classified materials. CDS procedures vary by classification level and material type. Understanding CDS requirements helps contractors plan logistics and avoid security violations that could affect facility clearances and contract performance.

Corps of Engineers

The Corps of Engineers, formally the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), is a major command that provides engineering services for the Army and nation, including military construction, civil works, environmental restoration, and disaster response. COE is a significant government contracting customer. COE contracts span construction, engineering services, environmental remediation, and technical support. Understanding COE procurement practices, including their construction contracting approaches and service acquisition methods, helps contractors pursue civil works and military construction opportunities. COE uses both military and civilian contracting procedures.

Court of Federal Claims

The Court of Federal Claims is a federal court that hears monetary claims against the United States government, including bid protests and contract disputes. COFC provides an alternative forum to boards of contract appeals for resolving government contract disputes. COFC jurisdiction includes bid protests filed within specific timeframes and Contract Disputes Act claims. Understanding COFC procedures and jurisdiction helps contractors protect their rights and select appropriate forums for dispute resolution. COFC decisions establish precedents affecting government contract law and administration.

Communications Intelligence

Communications Intelligence refers to intelligence derived from intercepted communications, excluding foreign press and propaganda broadcasts. COMINT is a specialized intelligence discipline with significant implications for classified contracts and secure communications requirements. Contracts involving COMINT may require specialized security clearances, secure facilities, and handling procedures. Understanding COMINT classifications helps contractors navigate intelligence community requirements and develop appropriate security capabilities. COMINT-related contracts often involve signals processing, analysis systems, and secure communications equipment.

Contractor Purchasing System Review

A Contractor Purchasing System Review is a DCMA evaluation of a contractor's purchasing system to determine if it meets government standards for efficiency, effectiveness, and compliance. Approved purchasing systems allow contractors greater autonomy in procurement decisions without prior government consent. CPSR approval provides consent to subcontract authority and reduces administrative burden for both contractors and the government. Understanding CPSR requirements helps contractors develop compliant purchasing systems and prepare for reviews. CPSR findings affect purchasing authority and may require corrective action plans.

Congressional Research Service

The Congressional Research Service is a legislative branch agency that provides nonpartisan research and analysis to Congress on all public policy issues. CRS reports on government contracting topics provide authoritative analysis of procurement policy, legislation, and trends. CRS reports are valuable resources for understanding government contracting policy context and legislative intent. Contractors and acquisition professionals reference CRS analyses for policy research and market intelligence. CRS reports on acquisition reform, small business programs, and agency spending provide insights for strategic planning.

Davis-Bacon Act

The Davis-Bacon Act is a federal law requiring payment of prevailing wages to laborers and mechanics on federal construction contracts exceeding $2,000. DBA establishes minimum wage rates based on local prevailing wages determined by the Department of Labor. DBA compliance requires proper wage determinations, certified payroll records, and contractor certifications. Understanding DBA requirements is essential for construction contractors pursuing federal work. Non-compliance can result in contract termination, debarment, and liability for wage underpayments. DBA-related clauses appear in most federal construction solicitations.

Department of Defense Contract Security Classification Specification

The DD Form 254 is the official document that conveys security classification requirements and guidance to contractors performing classified work. DD254s specify classification levels, special access requirements, security clearance needs, and handling instructions for classified contracts. DD254 requirements determine facility clearance levels, personnel security needs, and security procedures contractors must implement. Understanding DD254 provisions is essential for contractors performing classified work. DD254s are prepared by government security officials and flow down through subcontracts requiring access to classified information.

Defense Emergency Operations Plan

A Defense Emergency Operations Plan outlines DoD procedures and responsibilities for responding to emergencies, crises, and contingencies. DEOPs establish command relationships, resource allocation priorities, and operational procedures for emergency situations. DEOPs may affect contractor operations during emergencies, establishing priorities and modified procedures. Understanding DEOP implications helps contractors plan for contingency operations and maintain mission support during crises. Contractors supporting critical defense functions should understand applicable DEOP provisions.

Defense Energy Support Center

The Defense Energy Support Center was the DoD organization responsible for providing energy products and services to military installations and operations worldwide. DESC functions have been absorbed into the Defense Logistics Agency Energy, which continues these missions. Understanding DESC history helps contractors navigate legacy references and current DLA Energy operations. Energy supply contracts represent significant government procurement volume. Contractors serving defense energy markets work with DLA Energy for fuel, utilities, and energy-related services.

Defense Fuel Supply Center

The Defense Fuel Supply Center was the DoD organization managing bulk petroleum procurement and distribution for military operations. DFSC functions have transitioned to DLA Energy, which continues defense fuel supply chain management. Understanding DFSC history helps contractors navigate legacy documentation and current DLA Energy contracting. Defense fuel contracts involve significant procurement volumes and complex logistics. Contractors in petroleum and energy sectors work with DLA Energy for defense fuel requirements.

Directive Guidance

Directive Guidance refers to authoritative instructions from higher headquarters or leadership that direct specific actions, establish policy, or provide implementation direction. DG establishes requirements that subordinate organizations must follow. Understanding DG sources and applicability helps contractors anticipate customer requirements driven by higher-level direction. DG may affect acquisition strategies, contract requirements, and performance expectations. Staying aware of relevant DG helps contractors align their approaches with customer organizational direction.

Defense Industrial Base

The Defense Industrial Base encompasses the companies, suppliers, and infrastructure that design, develop, manufacture, and maintain military systems and equipment for national defense. DIB includes prime contractors, subcontractors, and the broader supply chain supporting defense requirements. DIB health is a national security concern, influencing policies on domestic production, supply chain security, and industrial capacity. Understanding DIB dynamics helps contractors position within the defense market ecosystem. DIB assessments inform government decisions on competition, consolidation, and production capability preservation.

Defense Information Systems Agency

The Defense Information Systems Agency is the DoD combat support agency providing IT and communications capabilities to warfighters, national leaders, and other mission partners. DISA manages defense networks, cybersecurity services, and enterprise IT solutions. DISA is a major contracting customer for IT services, telecommunications, and cybersecurity solutions. Understanding DISA mission areas and acquisition approaches helps contractors pursue defense IT opportunities. DISA contracts often involve complex technical requirements and stringent security standards.

Defense Information Systems Network

The Defense Information Systems Network is the DoD enterprise network infrastructure providing global connectivity for defense communications, data, and applications. DISN supports classified and unclassified communications across all DoD components and mission partners. DISN contracts support network infrastructure, telecommunications services, and connectivity solutions. Understanding DISN architecture and requirements helps contractors pursue defense networking opportunities. DISN modernization drives significant procurement for network equipment, services, and cybersecurity capabilities.

Department of Commerce

The Department of Commerce is a cabinet-level federal agency promoting economic growth, job creation, and sustainable development. DOC components include the Census Bureau, NOAA, NIST, and the Patent and Trademark Office, each with distinct contracting needs. DOC contracts span IT services, scientific research, data collection, and administrative support. Understanding DOC organization and mission areas helps contractors pursue Commerce Department opportunities. DOC procurement follows FAR with agency-specific supplements and procedures.

Department of the Interior

The Department of the Interior is a cabinet-level federal agency managing federal lands, natural resources, and Native American affairs. DOI bureaus include the National Park Service, Bureau of Land Management, Fish and Wildlife Service, and Bureau of Indian Affairs. DOI contracts support land management, environmental services, construction, and administrative functions. Understanding DOI mission areas and procurement approaches helps contractors pursue Interior Department opportunities. DOI procurement includes specialized requirements for environmental compliance and cultural resource protection.

Department of Labor Hourly Rate

Department of Labor Hourly Rate refers to wage rates established by the Department of Labor for service contracts under the Service Contract Act. DOLHR determinations specify minimum wages for various labor categories based on geographic location. DOLHR compliance is mandatory for covered service contracts. Understanding DOLHR requirements helps contractors develop compliant pricing and ensure proper wage payments. Wage determinations are incorporated into solicitations and affect labor cost calculations for service contracts.

Defense Pricing and Contracting

Defense Pricing and Contracting is the office within the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment responsible for DoD contracting policy, pricing policy, and contract administration oversight. DPC issues policy guidance affecting all DoD contracting activities. DPC policies shape how DoD conducts acquisitions and evaluates contractor pricing. Understanding DPC guidance helps contractors align their approaches with current DoD priorities. DPC initiatives on pricing, commercial item determinations, and contract administration affect contractor operations.

Defense Security Cooperation Agency

The Defense Security Cooperation Agency is the DoD organization managing security cooperation programs including Foreign Military Sales, security assistance, and international training. DSCA administers programs that provide defense articles and services to foreign partners. DSCA programs create significant contracting opportunities for defense articles and services destined for foreign customers. Understanding DSCA processes helps contractors pursue international defense sales. FMS contracts flow through DSCA administration and follow specific procedures for foreign sales.

Defense Switched Network

The Defense Switched Network is the DoD's private telephone network providing secure and non-secure voice communications worldwide. DSN supports military and defense civilian communications across installations and deployed locations. DSN infrastructure and services involve significant contracting for telecommunications equipment and support. Understanding DSN requirements helps contractors pursue defense telecommunications opportunities. DSN modernization and integration with commercial networks creates ongoing procurement needs.

Defense Technical Information Center

The Defense Technical Information Center is the DoD repository for scientific and technical information supporting defense research and development. DTIC collects, indexes, and disseminates technical reports, studies, and data to authorized users. DTIC resources support proposal development and technical research. Understanding DTIC access and submission requirements helps contractors leverage available technical information and comply with technical report delivery requirements. DTIC submissions preserve and share knowledge across the defense community.

Equal Access to Justice Act

The Equal Access to Justice Act is a federal statute allowing certain prevailing parties in disputes with the government to recover attorney fees and costs. EAJA enables small businesses and individuals to pursue legitimate claims without being deterred by litigation costs. EAJA provisions affect bid protest and contract dispute strategies. Understanding EAJA eligibility and procedures helps small contractors evaluate dispute options. EAJA recovery may be available when the government's position was not substantially justified.

Equal Employment Opportunity

Equal Employment Opportunity refers to the principle and legal requirement that employment decisions be made without discrimination based on protected characteristics such as race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, disability, or genetic information. EEO compliance is mandatory for federal contractors. EEO requirements affect contractor employment practices, affirmative action plans, and compliance reporting. Understanding EEO obligations helps contractors maintain compliant human resources practices. EEO violations can result in contract termination and debarment. OFCCP enforces EEO requirements for federal contractors.

Electronic Federal Tax Payment System

The Electronic Federal Tax Payment System is the free service provided by the Treasury Department for making federal tax payments electronically. EFTPS is required for certain business tax payments and provides secure, convenient tax remittance. EFTPS compliance affects contractor financial operations and tax administration. Understanding EFTPS requirements helps contractors maintain compliant tax payment practices. EFTPS records support tax documentation and audit requirements.

Environmental Impact Statement

An Environmental Impact Statement is a document required by the National Environmental Policy Act for major federal actions significantly affecting the environment. EIS documents analyze environmental impacts, alternatives, and mitigation measures for proposed projects. EIS requirements affect construction, infrastructure, and land management contracts. Understanding EIS processes helps contractors navigate environmental compliance requirements. EIS preparation and review create contracting opportunities for environmental consulting services.

Emergency Management Plan

An Emergency Management Plan documents procedures and responsibilities for responding to emergencies and disasters affecting an organization or facility. EMPs address preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation activities. EMP requirements may appear in contracts for facilities management, security services, and critical operations support. Understanding EMP development helps contractors support customer emergency preparedness. EMP compliance ensures continuity of operations during emergencies.

Environment, Safety, and Occupational Health

Environment, Safety, and Occupational Health encompasses the disciplines and requirements addressing environmental protection, workplace safety, and employee health in contract performance. ESOH considerations affect facility operations, manufacturing processes, and field activities. ESOH compliance is mandatory for government contractors and may require specific plans, training, and reporting. Understanding ESOH requirements helps contractors develop compliant operations and avoid penalties. ESOH performance is often evaluated as part of contract oversight and performance assessment.

Federal Aviation Administration

The Federal Aviation Administration is the agency within the Department of Transportation responsible for regulating civil aviation, managing air traffic control, and certifying aircraft and pilots. FAA is a significant contracting customer for aviation systems, technology, and services. FAA contracts support air traffic management systems, safety programs, airport infrastructure, and research. Understanding FAA procurement approaches helps contractors pursue aviation market opportunities. FAA has unique acquisition authorities and uses both FAR-based and agency-specific procedures.

Federal Activities Inventory Reform Act

The Federal Activities Inventory Reform Act requires agencies to annually identify activities performed by federal employees that are not inherently governmental and could potentially be performed by the private sector. FAIR inventories support competition and sourcing decisions. FAIR Act compliance affects decisions on in-sourcing, outsourcing, and public-private competition. Understanding FAIR requirements helps contractors identify potential competitive sourcing opportunities. FAIR inventories provide insight into agency functions that may be subject to A-76 competition or service contracts.

Federal Acquisition Streamlining Act

The Federal Acquisition Streamlining Act is landmark legislation that reformed federal procurement by establishing the simplified acquisition threshold, promoting commercial item acquisition, and reducing administrative burdens. FASA significantly changed how the government buys goods and services. FASA provisions continue to influence acquisition practices including simplified procedures, commercial item preferences, and past performance evaluation. Understanding FASA impacts helps contractors navigate streamlined procurement processes. FASA reforms aimed to make government procurement more efficient and commercial-like.

Foreign Corrupt Practices Act

The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act is federal law prohibiting payments to foreign officials to obtain or retain business. FCPA compliance is essential for contractors engaged in international business, including Foreign Military Sales and overseas contract performance. FCPA violations can result in severe criminal and civil penalties, debarment, and reputational damage. Understanding FCPA requirements helps contractors develop compliant international business practices. FCPA compliance programs should address agent relationships, gifts, and facilitation payments.

Federal Enterprise Architecture

The Federal Enterprise Architecture is a framework for organizing federal government IT investments and ensuring alignment with agency missions and government-wide objectives. FEA provides reference models for business, data, applications, and technology architecture. FEA compliance affects IT investment justification and system design approaches. Understanding FEA helps contractors align proposed solutions with government architecture standards. FEA reference models support interoperability and information sharing across agencies.

Federal Emergency Management Agency

The Federal Emergency Management Agency is the agency within the Department of Homeland Security responsible for coordinating federal disaster response, recovery, and preparedness activities. FEMA contracts support emergency management, disaster response, and recovery operations. FEMA contracting opportunities include logistics support, temporary housing, debris removal, and technical assistance. Understanding FEMA procurement approaches helps contractors pursue emergency management opportunities. FEMA uses pre-positioned contracts and rapid acquisition procedures for disaster response.

Federal Government

Federal Government refers to the national government of the United States, encompassing executive, legislative, and judicial branches. In contracting contexts, FG distinguishes federal procurement from state, local, and commercial contracting. Understanding FG procurement is distinct from other government contracting. Federal procurement follows the FAR and agency supplements, with specific requirements for competition, pricing, and compliance. FG contracting represents the largest government procurement market in the United States.

Financial Management Regulation

The Financial Management Regulation is the DoD directive establishing financial management policy, including accounting, budgeting, and payment procedures. FMR provisions affect how contractors are paid and how financial transactions are processed. FMR compliance affects contractor billing, payment processing, and financial reporting interactions with DoD. Understanding FMR requirements helps contractors navigate DoD financial procedures. FMR updates may affect payment timelines, invoice requirements, and cost allowability determinations.

Foreign Ownership, Control, or Influence

Foreign Ownership, Control, or Influence refers to situations where foreign interests have the ability to affect contractor operations or access to classified information. FOCI determinations affect facility clearances and eligibility for classified contracts. FOCI mitigation may require special security agreements, proxy boards, or other arrangements to protect classified information. Understanding FOCI requirements helps contractors navigate security clearance processes. FOCI concerns have increased with foreign investment in defense industry companies.

Fair Operating Practice

Fair Operating Practice refers to ethical business conduct standards ensuring honesty, integrity, and fairness in contractor operations and government dealings. FOP principles underpin procurement integrity requirements and contractor ethics programs. FOP compliance supports organizational integrity and avoids procurement violations. Understanding FOP expectations helps contractors maintain ethical business practices. FOP violations can result in contract termination, debarment, and criminal penalties. Ethics training and compliance programs support FOP adherence.

Forces Command

Forces Command is the U.S. Army command responsible for training, mobilizing, and providing combat-ready forces to combatant commanders. FORSCOM is one of the largest Army commands with significant contracting needs for training support, logistics, and installation services. FORSCOM contracts support training exercises, simulation systems, range operations, and installation management. Understanding FORSCOM mission areas helps contractors pursue Army training and force readiness opportunities. FORSCOM installations across the continental U.S. represent diverse contracting markets.

Fraud, Waste, and Abuse

Fraud, Waste, and Abuse refers to improper activities ranging from criminal conduct to inefficient resource use in government programs. FWA prevention and detection are priorities for government agencies and require contractor vigilance and reporting. Contractors must maintain FWA prevention programs and report suspected violations. Understanding FWA risks helps contractors develop compliant operations. FWA violations can result in False Claims Act liability, criminal prosecution, contract termination, and debarment.

GAO Overall Decision Base

The GAO Overall Decision Base refers to the accumulated body of Government Accountability Office decisions on bid protests and related matters. GAO-ODB provides precedential guidance for procurement disputes and interpretation of acquisition regulations. Understanding GAO-ODB helps contractors and agencies anticipate protest outcomes and develop compliant practices. GAO decisions establish precedents affecting procurement procedures and contractor rights. GAO-ODB analysis supports bid protest strategy development.

Government Audit Standard

Government Audit Standards, also known as Yellow Book standards, are the standards for auditing government organizations, programs, and contractors receiving government funds. GAS establishes requirements for auditor qualifications, independence, and reporting. GAS compliance affects both government auditors and contractors subject to government audits. Understanding GAS requirements helps contractors prepare for audits and develop appropriate internal controls. GAS standards govern Single Audits, DCAA audits, and other government audit activities.

Government Commercial Cloud

Government Commercial Cloud refers to commercial cloud computing services configured to meet government security and compliance requirements. GCC environments provide cloud capabilities while satisfying FedRAMP, ITAR, and other government-specific requirements. GCC offerings enable agencies to leverage commercial cloud innovation with appropriate security controls. Understanding GCC requirements helps contractors develop compliant cloud solutions. GCC environments are increasingly used for government IT modernization and digital transformation initiatives.

Global Information Grid

The Global Information Grid is the DoD's globally interconnected enterprise information capability providing end-to-end information transfer and processing. GIG encompasses networks, systems, and services enabling defense information sharing and collaboration. GIG architecture influences DoD IT requirements and system integration approaches. Understanding GIG concepts helps contractors develop solutions that integrate with defense information infrastructure. GIG evolution continues through network modernization and cybersecurity enhancement initiatives.

HHS Office of Inspector General

The HHS Office of Inspector General is the independent oversight organization responsible for detecting and preventing fraud, waste, and abuse in HHS programs including Medicare and Medicaid. HHS OIG conducts audits, investigations, and evaluations affecting healthcare contractors. HHS OIG oversight significantly impacts healthcare contractors through audits, compliance enforcement, and fraud investigations. Understanding HHS OIG priorities helps healthcare contractors maintain compliant operations. OIG exclusion can bar contractors from participating in federal healthcare programs.

Homeland Security

Homeland Security as a domain tag identifies contracts, programs, and requirements related to protecting the United States from terrorism, natural disasters, and other threats. HLS encompasses border security, cybersecurity, emergency management, and critical infrastructure protection. HLS domain classification helps identify relevant procurement opportunities and applicable requirements. Understanding HLS priorities supports pursuit of homeland security market opportunities. HLS contracts often involve security clearances, specialized certifications, and rapid response capabilities.

Homeland Security Presidential Directive

A Homeland Security Presidential Directive is a presidential policy document establishing national homeland security policies and requirements. HSPDs direct agency actions and may create contractor compliance obligations in areas like personnel security and critical infrastructure. HSPD requirements flow into contract terms and contractor obligations. Understanding applicable HSPDs helps contractors navigate security and compliance requirements. HSPDs have established requirements for identity verification, cybersecurity, and emergency preparedness affecting contractors.

High Sensitivity Requirement

A High Sensitivity Requirement designates contract requirements involving sensitive information, critical systems, or heightened security needs. HSR classification triggers enhanced security measures, clearance requirements, and handling procedures. Understanding HSR implications helps contractors prepare appropriate security capabilities and compliance approaches. HSR contracts may require specific facility clearances, personnel security, and information protection measures. HSR designation affects both proposal requirements and contract performance obligations.

Identity, Credential, and Access Management

Identity, Credential, and Access Management encompasses the policies, processes, and technologies for managing digital identities, credentials, and access to systems and facilities. ICAM requirements are fundamental to government cybersecurity and physical security programs. ICAM compliance is mandatory for government IT systems and facilities. Understanding ICAM requirements helps contractors develop compliant solutions and maintain appropriate access controls. ICAM implementations support zero trust security architectures and continuous authentication approaches.

Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Internal Control Over Financial Reporting refers to the processes designed to provide reasonable assurance about the reliability of financial reporting. ICOFR requirements affect contractor accounting systems and audit compliance obligations. ICOFR compliance supports financial statement reliability and audit readiness. Understanding ICOFR requirements helps contractors develop robust financial controls. ICOFR considerations affect cost accounting system adequacy and DCAA audit outcomes.

Integrity and Ethics Evaluation

An Integrity and Ethics Evaluation assesses contractor compliance with business ethics requirements, including codes of conduct, ethics programs, and integrity controls. IEE findings may affect responsibility determinations and past performance assessments. Understanding IEE criteria helps contractors maintain strong ethics programs. IEE compliance supports positive contractor reputation and eligibility for future awards. Strong integrity programs prevent violations and demonstrate organizational commitment to ethical conduct.

Interim Final Rule – Regulatory

An Interim Final Rule is a regulatory mechanism allowing agencies to implement rules before completing standard notice-and-comment procedures, typically citing good cause for immediate implementation. IFR-R provisions may affect contractor compliance requirements before permanent rules are finalized. IFR-R issuance can create rapid compliance obligations for contractors. Understanding IFR-R implications helps contractors adapt quickly to regulatory changes. IFR-R provisions are subject to modification based on subsequent public comments before final rule issuance.

Joint Travel Regulations

The Joint Travel Regulations are the DoD rules governing travel and transportation allowances for uniformed service members and DoD civilian employees. JTR provisions establish reimbursement rates, allowances, and procedures relevant to contractor travel under government contracts. JTR rates often serve as benchmarks for allowable travel costs on DoD contracts. Understanding JTR helps contractors develop compliant travel policies and pricing. JTR per diem rates and travel rules affect cost reimbursement and pricing for contracts with travel requirements.

Labor Compliance Program

A Labor Compliance Program is a contractor's system for ensuring compliance with labor laws, wage requirements, and employment regulations applicable to government contracts. LCPs address Davis-Bacon Act, Service Contract Act, and other labor compliance obligations. LCP effectiveness is essential for avoiding labor compliance violations and associated penalties. Understanding LCP requirements helps contractors maintain compliant employment practices. LCP audits may examine payroll records, worker classifications, and wage determinations compliance.

Lobbying Disclosure Act

The Lobbying Disclosure Act requires registration and disclosure by persons who lobby federal officials on behalf of clients. LDA compliance affects contractor representatives who engage in lobbying activities and must be considered in government relations activities. LDA compliance is separate from but related to FAR prohibitions on using contract funds for lobbying. Understanding LDA requirements helps contractors maintain compliant government relations programs. LDA violations can result in civil penalties and reputational damage.

Inspector General Audit

An Inspector General Audit is an independent examination conducted by an agency's Office of Inspector General to evaluate program effectiveness, efficiency, and compliance with laws and regulations. IG Audits may examine contractor operations, contract administration, and program outcomes. IG Audit findings can significantly impact contractors through recommendations affecting contract terms, payment practices, or compliance requirements. Understanding IG Audit processes helps contractors prepare for and respond to audit activities. IG Audits support accountability and may identify fraud, waste, or abuse.

International Labor Organization

The International Labor Organization is a United Nations agency setting international labor standards and promoting workers' rights. In government contracting, ILO references appear in labor clauses addressing child labor, forced labor, and workplace standards for international supply chains. ILO standards influence contractor compliance requirements for products manufactured overseas. Understanding ILO-related requirements helps contractors ensure supply chain compliance. FAR clauses may reference ILO conventions regarding prohibited labor practices in federal supply chains.

Information Security

Information Security encompasses the protection of information and information systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction. INFOSEC requirements are pervasive in government contracts handling sensitive or classified information. INFOSEC compliance requires implementing appropriate security controls, training, and monitoring. Understanding INFOSEC requirements helps contractors develop compliant information protection programs. INFOSEC obligations vary based on information sensitivity and applicable security frameworks.

Inherently Governmental

Inherently Governmental designates functions that must be performed by federal employees rather than contractors due to their nature involving sovereign authority or policy discretion. ING classification restricts which activities can be contracted out. Understanding ING boundaries helps contractors and agencies avoid inappropriate contractor roles. ING functions include contract award decisions, criminal investigations, and budget formulation. Contractors may support but not perform inherently governmental functions.

Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs

The Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs is a State Department bureau managing programs combating international crime and illegal drugs. INL contracts support counter-narcotics efforts, law enforcement training, and criminal justice development programs worldwide. INL contracts often involve international operations with specialized security and compliance requirements. Understanding INL mission areas helps contractors pursue international law enforcement support opportunities. INL programs operate in challenging environments requiring experienced international contractors.

Army Intelligence and Security Command

The Army Intelligence and Security Command is the Army's operational intelligence organization providing signals intelligence, human intelligence, and counterintelligence support to Army and joint forces. INSCOM contracts support intelligence collection, analysis, and security operations. INSCOM contracts typically require high-level security clearances and specialized technical capabilities. Understanding INSCOM mission areas helps contractors pursue Army intelligence support opportunities. INSCOM programs involve sensitive operations with strict security and access requirements.

Major Defense Item

A Major Defense Item is a defense article or service on the U.S. Munitions List with significant military value, subject to export control under the Arms Export Control Act. MDI designation triggers specific approval and compliance requirements for foreign sales. MDI classification affects export licensing, FMS procedures, and contractor compliance obligations. Understanding MDI requirements helps contractors navigate international defense sales. MDI controls protect sensitive defense capabilities while enabling authorized foreign transfers.

Material Management and Accounting System

A Material Management and Accounting System is a contractor's system for managing and accounting for materials, including procurement, storage, issuance, and disposition. MMAS compliance ensures accurate material cost accounting and property accountability. MMAS approval is required for cost-reimbursement contracts with significant material content. Understanding MMAS requirements helps contractors develop compliant material management practices. DCMA reviews MMAS for adequacy before approving material cost accounting systems.

National Industrial Security Program

The National Industrial Security Program is the federal program establishing security requirements for contractors accessing classified information. NISP governs facility clearances, personnel security, and information protection for cleared contractors across all federal agencies. NISP compliance is mandatory for contractors performing classified work. Understanding NISP requirements helps contractors develop and maintain security programs. NISP administration involves DCSA oversight and compliance verification through security reviews.

National Industrial Security Program Operating Manual

The National Industrial Security Program Operating Manual provides detailed requirements for protecting classified information in industry. NISPOM establishes baseline security standards for contractor facility security, personnel security, and information protection. NISPOM compliance is essential for maintaining facility clearances and performing classified work. Understanding NISPOM requirements helps contractors implement compliant security programs. NISPOM updates affect security procedures and contractor obligations.

No Material Adjustments

No Material Adjustments is an audit outcome indicating that auditors found no significant issues requiring cost adjustments or system changes. NMA findings represent favorable audit results demonstrating contractor compliance with requirements. NMA outcomes support positive contractor reputation and streamlined future audits. Understanding NMA significance helps contractors appreciate the value of compliant systems. Consistent NMA results demonstrate mature, reliable business systems.

National Technical Information Service

The National Technical Information Service is the federal repository for government-funded scientific, technical, and engineering research. NTIS provides access to technical reports, data, and information products supporting research and development. NTIS resources support proposal development and technical research. Understanding NTIS collections helps contractors access relevant government research. NTIS submissions may be required for government-funded research deliverables.

Original Classification Authority

Original Classification Authority is the government designation allowing officials to make initial classification determinations for national security information. OCA decisions establish classification levels that contractors must protect when handling classified information. OCA determinations affect contractor security requirements and information handling. Understanding OCA roles helps contractors navigate classification requirements. OCA guidance establishes the classification basis for derivative classifier decisions.

Office of the Federal Register

The Office of the Federal Register is a division of the National Archives and Records Administration that publishes the Federal Register, Code of Federal Regulations, and other official documents. OFR publications contain regulations, proposed rules, and notices affecting government contracting. Monitoring OFR publications keeps contractors informed of regulatory changes. The Federal Register publishes proposed and final FAR rules, agency supplements, and policy changes. Understanding the rulemaking process helps contractors participate in public comment periods.

Office of Government Policy

The Office of Government Policy within GSA develops and promotes management policies, regulations, and best practices for federal agencies. OGP functions include acquisition policy development and interagency coordination. OGP initiatives affect acquisition practices across the federal government. Understanding OGP policy development helps contractors anticipate regulatory trends. OGP guidance documents provide insight into government priorities and acquisition approaches.

Operating Instruction

An Operating Instruction is an internal agency document that provides detailed procedures for implementing policies and regulations. OIs establish specific processes, responsibilities, and requirements for agency personnel. OI familiarity helps contractors understand agency-specific procedures. Operating instructions may affect contractor interactions with government personnel. Understanding relevant OIs supports compliance with agency-specific requirements beyond standard FAR provisions.

Office of Special Investigations

The Office of Special Investigations conducts criminal investigations, counterintelligence, and specialized investigative activities. OSI investigations may involve contractor personnel, facilities, and program activities. OSI awareness is important for contractors with cleared personnel and sensitive programs. Understanding OSI jurisdiction helps contractors respond appropriately to investigative contacts. Cooperation with OSI investigations while protecting legal rights requires careful attention.

Program Protection Plan Risk Management

Program Protection Plan Risk Management addresses threats to critical program information and technologies. PPP risk management identifies vulnerabilities and implements countermeasures protecting sensitive program elements. PPP risk management is essential for programs with critical technologies. Understanding PPP requirements helps contractors develop compliant protection approaches. PPP risk assessments inform security investments and compliance strategies.

Risk and Control Self-Assessment

Risk and Control Self-Assessment is a process where organizations evaluate their own risk exposure and control effectiveness. RCSA identifies vulnerabilities, assesses control adequacy, and prioritizes improvements. RCSA capabilities support compliance and risk management contracts. Understanding RCSA methodology helps contractors develop risk management services. RCSA facilitation skills are valuable for internal control assessments.

Representations and Certifications Profile

A Representations and Certifications Profile contains contractor attestations regarding business status, compliance, and eligibility. REP data in SAM.gov includes small business representations, certifications, and business information. REP accuracy is essential for contract eligibility and compliance. Understanding REP requirements helps contractors maintain current registration. REP updates are required annually and when business circumstances change.

Registration Status

Registration Status indicates the current standing of a contractor's registration in government systems like SAM.gov. Active RGST is required for contract eligibility and payment processing. RGST monitoring ensures continuous contract eligibility. Understanding registration requirements helps contractors maintain active status. RGST lapses can delay awards and interrupt payments.

Special Access Program

A Special Access Program imposes security requirements beyond standard classified information controls. SAP access requires specific authorization and compliance with enhanced security protocols. SAP work requires specialized security infrastructure and cleared personnel. Understanding SAP requirements helps contractors prepare for sensitive programs. SAP compliance involves significant security investments and ongoing oversight.

Sensitive Compartmented Information Facility

A Sensitive Compartmented Information Facility is a secure room or building meeting standards for processing classified information. SCIF requirements include physical security, access controls, and technical countermeasures. SCIF access may be required for classified contract work. Understanding SCIF requirements helps contractors plan secure workspace needs. SCIF establishment involves significant investment and ongoing compliance requirements.

Securities and Exchange Commission

The Securities and Exchange Commission is the federal agency regulating securities markets and protecting investors. SEC compliance requirements affect publicly traded contractors and financial reporting obligations. SEC compliance affects contractor financial disclosures and governance. Understanding SEC requirements helps publicly traded contractors maintain compliance. SEC filings provide competitive intelligence on publicly traded competitors.

Security Engineering Document

A Security Engineering Document describes the security architecture, controls, and implementation approach for a system. SEDs address cybersecurity requirements, risk mitigations, and security compliance measures. SED development is required for systems with security requirements. Understanding SED content helps contractors develop compliant security approaches. SED quality affects system authorization and security compliance assessments.

Synchronized Predeployment and Operational Tracker

The Synchronized Predeployment and Operational Tracker is a DoD system tracking contractor personnel in contingency operations and designated areas. SPOT registration is required for contractors supporting overseas operations. SPOT compliance is mandatory for contingency and overseas contracts. Understanding SPOT requirements helps contractors prepare for deployment support. SPOT registration affects personnel eligibility for overseas assignments.

Sensitive Security Information

Sensitive Security Information is a category of protected information related to transportation security. SSI requires safeguarding under TSA regulations and has specific handling and disclosure restrictions. SSI compliance affects transportation and security contracts. Understanding SSI requirements helps contractors implement appropriate protections. SSI handling procedures must comply with regulatory standards.

Security Technical Implementation Guide

A Security Technical Implementation Guide provides detailed security configuration standards for IT systems. STIGs specify security settings, controls, and compliance requirements for DoD systems. STIG compliance is mandatory for DoD IT systems. Understanding STIG requirements helps contractors implement secure configurations. STIG scanning and remediation are common activities in IT security contracts.

Trusted Computing Base

A Trusted Computing Base is the totality of protection mechanisms within a computer system responsible for enforcing security policy. TCB includes hardware, firmware, and software critical to security. TCB understanding is essential for security-sensitive system contracts. Understanding TCB requirements helps contractors develop secure system architectures. TCB documentation supports security certification and accreditation.

Taxpayer Identification Code

A Taxpayer Identification Code is the unique identifier used for tax reporting and compliance purposes. TIC typically refers to the Employer Identification Number or Social Security Number used in federal systems. TIC accuracy is essential for contractor registration and payment. Understanding TIC requirements helps contractors maintain compliant registrations. TIC verification supports contract eligibility and payment processing.

Technology Protection Plan

A Technology Protection Plan documents measures protecting critical program technologies from compromise. TPPs identify critical technologies, threats, vulnerabilities, and countermeasures for program protection. TPP development is required for programs with critical technologies. Understanding TPP requirements helps contractors develop compliant protection approaches. TPP compliance supports technology security and program protection.

Secure Virtual Private Network

A Secure Virtual Private Network provides encrypted communications over public networks meeting government security requirements. VPN-S implementations must comply with applicable security standards and policies. VPN-S capability is required for many IT and support contracts. Understanding VPN-S requirements helps contractors implement compliant remote access. VPN-S compliance supports secure communications with government systems.